INTRODUCTION

Historiography: Definition and Periodization.

Historiographical APPROACHES

SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY of history: Introduction
UNITS of history AND TRADITIONS 1
'The Great Man Approach": Thomas CARLYLE: Heroes and Hero Worship - Explain Carlyle's concept of history and the bricklayer-metaphor and list the necessary characteristics of the 'Great Man'

CRITICS OF THE "GREAT MAN APPROACH"
Herbert SPENCER. The Study Of Sociology - List Spencer's counterarguments
British Marxism: People's history: E. THOMPSON. The Making of the English Working Class. (1963) Read Preface until ‘yet be won’. pp.1-4(top). Explain Thompson’s prime focus and his definition of 'class': what it is and what it isn't. List OWN EXAMPLES for 'history from below'

FURTHER CRITICS:
Anti-Great Man theory: A.J.P. TAYLOR. The First World War. An Illustrated History
A.J.P. TAYLOR. The Origins Of The Second World War (1961)
Comparative history/Metahistory: Arnold J. TOYNBEE. The Study of History (1934) - Identify the focus of historians and Toynbee's reservations

FURTHER CRITICS II.:
Civilizations and sexuality: Sigmund FREUD: The Future of an Illusion (1927) - Define the term civilization, its relationship with the individual, the ideal state, and explain internalization and F’s future vision.
Freud revisited: Joseph D. UNWIN. Sex and Culture (1934) - Explain the relationship btw sexuality and the energy level of a society/civilization.

PATTERNS of history. Possible DIRECTION? The Question of Progress and Time
Antiquity
Immanuel KANT. What Is Enlightenment? (1784) - Define the term 'Enlightenment' and explain its greatest obstacle and precondition

EVOLUTIONISM & The WHIG INTERPRETATION of history:
Thomas MACAULAY. History of England from the Accession of James II. (1848) Introduction - The guiding principle of the historian.
Thomas MACAULAY. Minute [on Indian Education ] (1835) - Discuss Macaulay's attitude and assessment of Indian education

MODERNISM & criticism of evolutionism
Bertrand RUSSELL. The Problems Of Philosophy (1912) - Highlight what philosophy/any social science is for according to BR
Herbert BUTTERFIELD. The Whig Interpretation of History (1931) - Explain the problems with the Whig historians' view of the past and their moral judgements according to HB

THE POSTMODERN DEBATE
Francis FUKUYAMA. The End of History? (1989) - Why was the year 1989 crucial according to Fukuyama?
vs. Samuel HUNTINGTON. The Clash of Civilizations (1993) - List the conflicting factors in history and SH's idea of the future
Civilizations Map - Study the map and identify the main civilizations according to Huntington
Schumpeter: Leviathan as capitalist. State capitalism continues to defy expectations of its demise (Economist, 21/6 /2014) Read and summarize the article in 5 points.

CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY: reliability of sources, authorship
Traditional Empiricism: Herbert von RANKE. Preface: Histories of the Latin and Germanic Nations from 1494-1514 - Using your own words summarize the essence of the historian's task according to Ranke
Criticism of Traditional Empiricism: Edward CARR. What Is History? - Expound on the essence of Carr's criticism of the traditional (Rankean) approach to history
Primary versus Secondary Source

CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY: The Role of Censorship, Media and National Propaganda, Demagoguery
Edward BERNAYS: Propaganda (1928)

Stereotype and Prejudice
Gordon W. Allport. The Nature of Prejudice - pp. 3-6
Gordon W. Allport. The Nature of Prejudice - pp. 31-33, 37, 43-44